Avaliação de ressecção de mucosa endoscópica sob imersão d'água de pólipos colorretais em um centro ambulatorial no Brasil / Evaluation of underwater endoscopic mucosal resection for colorectal polyps in an outpatient clinic in brazil

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Since 2012, a new technique for resection of large polyps has been described, the underwater endoscopic mucosal resection (UEMR). Some advantages that emerge from it is the needless of injection in submucosal layer and a greater chance of complete capture of the polyp. OBJECTIVE: There are few studies of UEMR in Brazil. The aim of this study is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of this technique in one Brazilian center. METHODS: This case series was conducted from February to December of 2020. Colorectal polyps greater than 9 mm without features of deep submucosal invasion were resected using UEMR. RESULTS: Twenty-four large polyps were resected with the UEMR approach from 24 patients. The mean size of the polys was 19 mm, ranging from 12 to 35 mm. All lesions were successful resected and 66% (16/24) were resected en bloc. In histologic analyses, most of them were adenomas (70.8%) and only one had deep submucosal invasion. There were no cases of acute complications, such perforation or acute bleeding. CONCLUSION: The UEMR is a safe and feasible procedure. With the emerging data on the procedure, it seems to be a wonderful tool in preventing colorectal cancer and its applicability and scope should be encourage to surpass reference centers.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: Desde 2012, uma nova técnica para ressecção de pólipos grandes tem sido descrita, a ressecção da mucosa endoscópica sob imersão d'água (REMS). Algumas vantagens que surgem desta técnica são evitar a injeção na camada submucosa e a maior chance de captura completa do pólipo. Objetivo - Há poucos estudos com REMS no Brasil. Nosso objetivo é avaliar a segurança e a eficácia da técnica em um centro brasileiro. MÉTODOS: Esta série de casos foi conduzida de fevereiro a dezembro de 2020. Pólipos colorretais maiores que 9 mm sem sinais endoscópicos de invasão de submucosa foram ressecados utilizando RMES. RESULTADOS: Vinte e quatro pólipos foram ressecados com RMES em 24 pacientes diferentes. O tamanho médio dos pólipos era de 19 mm, variando de 12 a 35 mm. Todas as lesões foram ressecadas e 66% (16/24) foram ressecadas em monobloco. Na análise histológica, a maioria era adenoma (70.8%) e apenas uma havia invasão profunda da submucosa. CONCLUSÃO: O uso de REMS é um procedimento seguro e factível. Com o aumento de dados relativos ao procedimento, esta parece ser uma excelente ferramenta na prevenção do câncer colorretal e sua aplicabilidade deve ser encorajada para fora dos centros de referência.

Clinicopathological features of the colorectal serrated adenoma and analysis on influencing factors of malignancy / 中华胃肠外科杂志

Objective: Serrated adenoma is recognized as a precancerous lesion of colorectal cancer, and the serrated pathway is considered as an important pathway that can independently develop into colorectal cancer. However, little is known about the related risk factors of carcinogenesis of serrated adenoma. The purpose of this study was to analyze the distribution characteristics and potential malignant factors of serrated adenoma in the colon and rectum. Methods: A retrospective case-control study was conducted to collect the clinical data of patients with serrated adenoma who underwent colonoscopy and were pathologically diagnosed in the Cancer Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences from April 2017 to July 2019, and exclude patients with two or more pathological types of lesions. The clinical characteristics of serrated adenoma were summarized, and univariate and logistic multivariate regression analysis was conducted to explore the influencing factors for serrated adenoma to develop malignant transformation. Results: Among 28 730 patients undergoing colonoscopy, 311 (1.08%) were found with 372 serrated adenomas, among which 22 (5.9%) were sessile serrated adenomas/polyps, 84 (22.6%) were traditional serrated adenomas, and 266 (71.5%) were unclassified serrated adenomas according to WHO classification. The pathological results showed that 106 (28.5%) lesions were non-dysplasia, 228 (61.3%) lesions were low grade intraepithelial neoplasia, and 38 (10.2%) lesions were high grade intraepithelial neoplasia or cancer. There were 204 (54.8%) lesions with long-axis diameter <10 mm and 168 (45.2%) lesions with length long-axis ≥ 10 mm. 238 (64.0%) lesions were found in the left side colon and rectum and 134 (36.0%) lesions in the right side colon. Gross classification under endoscopy: 16 flat type lesions (4.3%), 174 sessile lesions (46.8%), 117 semi-pedunculated lesions (31.5%), 59 pedunculated lesions (15.9%). Narrow-band imaging international colorectal endoscopic (NICE) classification: 85 (22.8%) type I lesions, 280 (75.3%) type II lesions, 4 (1.1%) type III lesions. Univariate analysis showed that lesion size, lesion location, lesion site and different WHO classifications were associated with malignant transformation of colorectal serrated adenoma (all P<0.05). For the serrated adenomas with different NICE classifications, there were statistically significant differences in the distribution of malignant lesions among groups (P=0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that the long-axis diameter of the lesion ≥10 mm (OR=6.699, 95% CI: 2.843-15.786) and the lesion locating in the left side colorectum (OR=2.657, 95% CI: 1.042-6.775) were independent risk factors for malignant transformation. Conclusions: Serrated adenomas mainly locate in the left side colon and rectum, and are prone to malignant transformation when the lesions are ≥10 mm in long-axis diameter or left-sided.

Caracterización clínica, endoscópica e histológica de los pólipos colorrectales en pacientes de edades pediátricas. Matanzas / Clinical, endoscopic and pathological characterization of colorectal polyps in pediatric patients, Matanzas

Resumen Introducción: los pólipos del colon son los tumores más comunes del tracto gastrointestinal. Se presentan relativamente frecuentes en niños. El método eficaz para su diagnóstico es la colonoscopia que permite su tratamiento mediante la polipectomía. Objetivo: determinar las características clínicas, endoscópicas e histológicas de los pólipos colorrectales, diagnosticados en niños atendidos en el Hospital Pediátrico Provincial "Eliseo Noel Caamaño", de la ciudad de Matanzas. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo en niños diagnosticados con pólipos colorrectales y atendidos en el hospital. En el período comprendido del 2010 al 2018. Se estudiaron 141 pacientes menores de 18 años, con diagnóstico de pólipos por colonoscopia confirmado en el estudio histológico. Se excluyeron los pacientes con diagnósticos diferentes a pólipos y aquellos que no se pudieron estudiar histológicamente. Resultados: se observó mayor frecuencia de pacientes con pólipos en las edades entre 1 y 10 años (37,6 %), del sexo masculino (57,4 %). Los síntomas más frecuentes fueron el sangramiento digestivo bajo, (96,3 %) y prolapso de masa T por el recto, (27 %). Los pólipos estudiados se localizaron con mayor frecuencia en rectosigmoide (73, 4 %), predominando los pólipos únicos (78 %), pediculados (56,2 %), de 1-2 cm de tamaño (53,2 %). Histológicamente predominaron los pólipos juveniles, (62,1 %) seguidos de los inflamatorios (33 %). Conclusiones: los pólipos fueron más frecuentes en las edades de 1 y 10 años y en el sexo masculino. Se demostró la importancia de la colonoscopia en el diagnóstico precoz de estas lesiones (AU).

ABSTRACT Introduction: colon polyps are the most common tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. They are found relatively frequently in children. The efficacious method for their treatment is the colonoscopy, allowing their treatment through polypectomy. Objective: to determine the histological, endoscopic and clinical characteristics of colorectal polyps diagnosed in children who attended the Pediatric Provincial Hospital "Eliseo Noel Caamaño", of Matanzas. Materials and methods: a retrospective, descriptive study was carried out in children diagnosed with colorectal polyps in the hospital in the period from 2010 to 2018. 141 patients under 18 years-old were studied, all with diagnosis of polyps by colonoscopy confirmed in the histological study. The patients with different diagnosis but polyps were excluded, and also those who could not be histologically studied. Results: the highest frequency of patients with polyps was found in ages between 1 and 10 years (37,6 %), and the male sex (57.4 %). The most frequent symptoms were low digestive bleeding (96.3 %) and Mass T prolapse through the rectum (27 %). The studied polyps were more frequently located in the rectosigmoid (73.4 %). The single polyps predominated (78 %)m and the pedunculated ones (56.2 %) of 1-2 cm size (53.2 %). Histologically predominated young polyps (62.1 %), followed by the inflammatory ones (33 %). Conclusions: polyps were more frequent at the ages from 1 to 10 years and in the male sex. The authors showed the importance of colonoscopy in the precocious diagnosis of these lesions (AU).

Características clínico-patológicas y manejo endoscópico de lesiones serradas sésiles de colon en un hospital de referencia en Lima - Perú / Clinical-pathological characteristics and endoscopic management of colonic sessile serrated lesions in a reference hospital in Lima - Peru

RESUMEN El cáncer colorrectal (CCR) es uno de los más frecuentes a nivel mundial. Aproximadamente un tercio de los casos se originan por la vía serrada de carcinogénesis, siendo las lesiones serradas sésiles (LSS) de colon, una las principales responsables del CCR de intervalo. Objetivo: Evaluar las características clínicas, endoscópicas, histológicas y el manejo endoscópico de las LSS de colon. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo de julio del 2017 a junio del 2019 en el servicio de gastroenterología del Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, Lima - Perú. Se evaluó las características de 79 LSS, se utilizó el estadístico chi-cuadrado para analizar la asociación de variables clínicas y endoscópicas con la presencia de displasia; y el tamaño de la lesión con el tipo de resección endoscópica. Resultados: En 74 pacientes se halló 79 LSS, 67 (84,8%) con displasia (44 de alto grado y 23 de bajo grado). Edad media de 52 años y 44 (59,4%) fueron varones. La localización en colon derecho (OR=5,09, IC 95% 1,38-18,7, p= 0,009), el tamaño >10 mm (OR=6,13/IC 95%/1,50-24,94/ p=0,014) y los "bordes borrosos" (OR=5,08, IC 95% 1,17-21,98, p=0,019), se relacionan de manera significativa con la presencia de displasia. Las LSS menores a 20 mm mostraron asociación estadística con la resección en bloque (OR=69,3, IC 95% 7,35-653,9, p<0,001) respecto a la piecemeal. Conclusiones: El hallazgo de LSS durante colonoscopías es frecuente. La localización, el tamaño y el hallazgo de bordes borrosos se relacionan con la presencia de displasia. La resección endoscópica mucosa fue una técnica segura y efectiva.

ABSTRACT Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most frequent worldwide. Approximately one third of cases originate from the serrated pathway of carcinogenesis, with colonic sessile serrated lesions (SSL) being the main cause of interval CRC. Objective: To evaluate the clinical, endoscopic, histological characteristics and endoscopic management of colonic LSS. Materials and methods: Observational, descriptive, retrospective study from July 2017 to June 2019 in the gastroenterology service of the Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen National Hospital, Lima - Peru. The characteristics of 79 LSS were evaluated, the chi-square statistic was used to analyze the association of clinical and endoscopic variables with the presence of dysplasia; and the size of the lesion with the type of endoscopic resection. Results: In 74 patients, 79 SSL were found, 67 (84.8%) with dysplasia (44 high-grade and 23 low-grade). Average age of 52 years and 44 (59.4%) were males. The location in the right colon (OR=5.09, 95% CI 1.38-18.7, p=0.009), the size >10 mm (OR=6.13, 95% CI 1.50-24,94, p=0.014) and the "blurred edges" (OR=5.08, 95% CI 1.17-21.98, p=0.019), are significantly related to the presence of dysplasia. SSL smaller than 20 mm showed statistical association with bloc resection (OR=69.3, 95% CI 7.35-653.9, p <0.001) with respect to the piecemeal resection. Conclusions: The finding of SSL during colonoscopies is frequent. The location, size and finding of blurred edges are related to the presence of dysplasia. Mucosal endoscopic resection was a safe and effective technique.

Caracterização morfológica da abertura de glândulas colônicas usando imagens de microscopia de autofluorescência / Morphological characterization of colorectal pits using autofluorescence microscopy images

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer is one of the most prevalent pathologies. Its prognosis is linked to the early detection and treatment. Currently diagnosis is performed by histological analysis from polyp biopsies, followed by morphological classification. Kudo's pit pattern classification is frequently used for the differentiation of neoplastic colorectal lesions using hematoxylin-eosin stained samples. Few articles have reported this classification with image software processing, using exogenous markers over the samples. The processing of autofluorescence images is an alternative that could allow the characterization of the pits from the crypts of Lieberkühn, bypassing staining techniques. OBJECTIVE: Processing and analysis of widefield autofluorescence microscopy images obtained by fresh colon tissue samples from a murine model of colorectal cancer in order to quantify and characterize the pits morphology by measuring morphology parameters and shape descriptors. METHODS: Adult male BALB/cCmedc strain mice (n=27), ranging from 20 to 30 g, were randomly assigned to four and five groups of treated and control animals. Colon samples were collected at day zero and at fourth, eighth, sixteenth and twentieth weeks after treatmentwith azoxymethane. Two-dimensional (2D) segmentation, quantification and morphological characterization of pits by image processing applied using macro programming from FIJI. RESULTS: Type I is the pit morphology prevailing between 53 and 81% in control group weeks. III-L and III-S types were detected in reduced percentages. Between the 33 and 56% of type I was stated as the prevailing morphology for the 4th, 8th and 20th weeks of treated groups, followed by III-L type. For the 16th week, the 39% of the pits was characterized as III-L type, followed by type I. Further, pattern types as IV, III-S and II were also found mainly in that order for almost all of the treated weeks. CONCLUSION: These preliminaries outcomes could be considered an advance in two-dimensional pit characterization as the whole image processing, comparing to the conventional procedure, takes a few seconds to quantify and characterize non-pathological colon pits as well as to estimate early pathological stages of colorectal cancer.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: O câncer colorretal é uma das patologias mais prevalentes. Seu prognóstico é ligado à detenção e ao tratamento precoces. Atualmente o diagnóstico é realizado por análise histológica de biópsias de pólipo, seguida de classificação morfológica. A classificação de padrões de Kudo é frequentemente utilizada para a diferenciação de lesões colorretais neoplásicas usando amostras coradas por hematoxilina-eosina. Poucos artigos relatam esta classificação com utilização de processamento por software de imagem, utilizando marcadores exógenos sobre as amostras. O processamento de imagens de autofluorescência é uma alternativa que pode permitir a caracterização do padrão das criptas de Lieberkühn, contornando técnicas de coloração. OBJETIVO: Analisar, quantificar e caracterizar a morfologia do padrão das criptas medindo os parâmetros morfológicos e descritores de forma, através do processamento e análise de imagens de microscopia de autofluorescência de campo de Widefield obtidas em amostras de tecido de cólon fresco a partir de um modelo murino de câncer colorretal. MÉTODOS: Camundongos machos adultos BALB/cCmedc (n=27), variando de 20 a 30 g, foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em quatro e cinco grupos de animais tratados e de controle. As amostras de cólon foram coletadas no dia zero e na 4ª, 8ª, 16ª e 20ª semanas após o tratamento com azoxometano. Segmentação bidimensional (2D), quantificação e caracterização morfológica do padrão das criptas por processamento de imagem aplicados utilizando programação macro de FIJI. RESULTADOS: O tipo I é a morfologia da cripta prevalente entre 53% e 81% semanas do grupo controle. Os tipos III-L e III-S foram detectados em porcentagens reduzidas. A morfologia do tipo I entre os 33% e 56% foi constatada como a predominante para as 4ª, 8ª e 20ª semanas de grupos tratados, seguidos pelo tipo III-L. Para a 16ª semana, os 39% dos padrões das criptas foram caracterizados como tipo III-L, seguidos pelo tipo I. Além disso, os tipos de padrão como IV, III-S e II também foram encontrados principalmente nessa ordem para quase todas as semanas tratadas. CONCLUSÃO: Estes resultados preliminares podem ser considerados um avanço na caracterização bidimensional da cripta como um processamento integral da imagem, comparando-se ao procedimento convencional; demora-se alguns segundos a mais para quantificar e caracterizar pontos não-patológicos, bem como para estimar estágios patológicos precoces do câncer colorretal.

The role of Phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) and Cycloxygenase-2 (COX2) in carcinogenesis of colorectal polyps / O papel de PI3K e COX2 na carcinogênese de pólipos colorretais

ABSTRACT Objectives: Determine immunohistochemical expression of Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), Phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K), Cycloxygenase-2 (COX2) and one proliferation marker (Ki67) in colorectal polyps and correlate with clinical and pathological data in search of carcinogenic pathways. Methods: The reports of 297 polyps diagnosed through endoscopy were reviewed for parameters including age, gender, prior colorectal cancer, the presence of multiple polyps, and polyps' location, appearance and size. Was conducted a microscopic morphometric computerized analysis of immunohistochemical expression using, the selected antibodies and correlated with clinical and pathological variables. Results: The tissue immunohistochemical expression was higher in right colon polyps for the proliferation marker and Phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (p ≤ 0.0001 and 0.057 respectively). Cycloxygenase-2 and Phosphatase and tensin homolog demonstrated higher tissue immunoexpression in pedunculated polyps (p = 0.009 and 0.002 respectively). Cycloxygenase-2 exhibited higher immunoexpression in larger polyps (p = 0.005). Phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase, Cycloxygenase-2, Phosphatase and tensin homolog and the proliferation marker exhibited higher immunoexpression in high-grade dysplastic polyps (p = 0.031, 0.013, 0.044 and <0.001 respectively). Phosphatase and tensin homolog labeling was higher in polyps with high-grade dysplasia and lower in some of serrated lesions (p = 0.044). Conclusions: The greater expression of the proliferation marker and Phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase in the right colon may be related to right-sided colorectal carcinogenesis. The proliferation marker, Cycloxygenase-2 and Phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase results can be associated with progression of polyps to colorectal cancer. The higher Phosphatase and tensin homolog expression suggests its attempt to control the cell cycle.

RESUMO Objetivos: Determinar a expressão imuno-histoquímica de Fosfatase homóloga a tensina (PTEN), Fosfatidilinositol-3-cinase (PI3K), Ciclooxigenase-2 (COX2) e um marcador de proliferação (Ki67) em pólipos colorretais e correlacionar com dados clínicos e patológicos buscando sua correspondência na carcinogênese. Métodos: Revisados 297 pólipos diagnosticados através de endoscopia quanto a idade, gênero, história de câncer colorretal, número, localização, aparência e tamanho dos pólipos. Realizadas as avaliações morfométricas computadorizadas das expressões imuno-histoquímicas dos marcadores selecionados, que foram correlacionadas com variáveis clínicas e patológicas. Resultados: A expressão do marcador de proliferação e da Fosfatidilinositol-3-cinase foi maior nos pólipos do cólon direito (p = <0,0001 e 0.057 respectivamente). Ciclooxigenase-2 e Fosfatase homóloga a tensina demonstraram maior imunoexpressão em pólipos pediculados (p = 0,009 e 0,002, respectivamente). Ciclooxigenase-2 expressou mais em pólipos maiores (p = 0,005). Fosfatidilinositol-3-cinase, Ciclooxigenase-2, Fosfatase homóloga a tensina e o marcador de proliferação expressaram mais em pólipos com displasia de alto grau (p = 0,031, 0,013, 0,044 e <0,001, respectivamente). Fosfatase homóloga a tensina marcou mais pólipos com displasia de alto grau que lesões serrilhadas (p = 0,044). Conclusões: A maior expressão do marcador de proliferação e Fosfatidilinositol-3-cinase à direita pode estar relacionada à carcinogênese do lado direito do cólon. Os resultados do marcador de proliferação, Ciclooxigenase-2 e Fosfatidilinositol-3-cinase podem ser associados à progressão dos pólipos para câncer. A expressão aumentada de Fosfatase homóloga a tensina sugere tentativa de controle do ciclo celular.

Underwater endoscopic mucosal resection of serrated adenomas

OBJECTIVES: Serrated polyps, which are considered to be precursors of colorectal carcinoma, include hyperplastic polyps, sessile serrated adenomas and traditional serrated adenomas. With the exception of hyperplastic polyps, all of these lesions must be removed. This study sought to examine whether underwater endoscopic mucosal resection is a safe and effective technique for treating serrated polyps. METHODS: Cases in which patients were submitted for underwater endoscopic mucosal resection and histologically diagnosed with sessile serrated adenoma were prospectively registered. RESULTS: The median patient age was 54.5 years (range, 48 to 72 years), and the patients included 4 men (28.5%) and 10 women (71.5%). One lesion (6.2%), 10 lesions (62.5%), 1 lesion (6.2%), 3 lesions (18.8%) and 1 lesion (6.2%) were found in the cecum, the ascending colon, the hepatic flexure, the transverse colon and the descending colon, respectively. The median lesion size was 20 mm (range, 10 to 35 mm). Eight lesions (50%) were removed en bloc, and the remaining eight lesions (50%) were removed using a piecemeal technique. None of the cases were complicated by perforation or delayed bleeding. CONCLUSION: Underwater resection could be a feasible, safe and effective alternative for the resection of sessile serrated adenomas.

Localización y tamaño de los adenomas del colon como factores asociados a displasia de alto grado / Localization and size of colon adenomas as factors related to high grade dysplasia

Objetivo: Determinar si la localización y el tamaño de los adenomas de colon se asocian con la presencia de displasia de alto grado en los pacientes de un hospital peruano. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio trasversal mediante la revisión de informes de colonoscopías de los años 2014-2015 del Hospital Nacional Daniel Alcides Carrión, incluyéndose los pólipos de pacientes mayores de 18 años; y excluyéndose los de pacientes con cáncer de colon, antecedente de cirugía oncológica, enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal y poliposis (6 o más). Se extrajeron los datos de localización (colon proximal y distal, división a partir del ángulo esplénico), tamaño (menos de 10 mm y 10 mm o más), forma (pediculados y sésiles) y grado de displasia (bajo y alto grado). Se calculó la fuerza de asociación mediante OR, se determinó si existía asociación a través de la prueba Chi cuadrado, con nivel de significancia menor a 0,05. Resultados: De un total de 1710 informes de colonoscopías revisadas, 378 personas tuvieron pólipos, calculando una tasa de detección de adenomas de 22,1%. De los 458 pólipos encontrados 254 fueron adenomas. Se demostró una asociación significativa entre la localización en colon distal y displasia de alto grado (OR 2,68 IC 1,12-6,42, p<0.05); asimismo, los adenomas mayores o iguales a 10 mm tuvieron más riesgo de displasia de alto grado (OR 7,75 IC 3,05-19,69, p<0.05). No se encontró asociación entre la forma de los adenomas y grado de displasia. Conclusión: Se concluye que el tamaño de 10 mm o más y la localización en colon distal se asocian a displasia de alto grado en los adenomas.

Objective: To determine whether localization and size are related to the presence of high-grade dysplasia of colon adenomas in patients of a Peruvian hospital. Materials and methods: This is a descriptive transversal study. We checked colonoscopy reports of 2014-2015 years of Hospital Daniel Alcides Carrion, we included the polyps found in patients older than 18 years old, and excluded reports from patients with colorectal cancer, an antecedent of oncological surgery, inflammatory bowel disease and polyposis (6 or more). We used data based on localization (proximal and distal colon, based on the splenic angle), size (less than 10 mm and 10 mm or more), shape (pediculate and sessile) and grade of dysplasia (low and high-grade). We calculated the strength of association by OR, and we determined whether there was association by Chi-square test with a significance value less than 0.05. Results: We reviewed a total of 1710 of colonoscopy reports, 378 patients had polyps, so the adenoma detection rate was 22.1%. There were 458 polyps, from which 254 were adenomas. From these adenomas, we found an association between distal colon localization and high-grade dysplasia (OR 2.68 IC 1.12-6.42, p<0.05); likewise, there was an association between the size of the adenomas and high-grade dysplasia (OR 7.75 IC 3.05-19.69, p<0.05). We did not find any association between the shape and grade of dysplasia. Conclusion: This study concludes that there is an association between the size of 10 mm or more and localization in the distal colon with high-grade dysplasia of adenomas.

Eficacia y seguridad de la resección endoscópica en pacientes con pólipos colorrectales no pediculados grandes / Efficacy and safety of endoscopic resection in patients with large non-pedunculated colorectal polyps

Introducción: Los pacientes con pólipos colorrectales no pediculados grandes (PCNP-G) han sido tradicionalmente tratados quirúrgicamente. Los avances en la endoscopía terapéutica permiten que la resección endoscópica de estas lesiones pueda ser considerada como una alternativa a la cirugía. Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de la resección endoscópica en pacientes con PCNP-G. Materiales y métodos: Cohorte prospectiva multicéntrica. Se incluyeron a todos los pacientes referidos para resección endoscópica de PCNP-G entre enero del 2012 y diciembre del 2015, seguidos hasta agosto del 2016. Se obtuvieron las tasas de resecciones exitosas, de recurrencia y de complicaciones. Se analizaron los factores predictivos asociados a resección no exitosa y a recurrencia. Resultados: Se incluyeron 107 pacientes con 115 PCNP-G. La tasa de resección exitosa fue de 92%. Las complicaciones más comunes fueron el sangrado (8,7%) y la perforación (2,6%). La tasa de recurrencia fue de 7%, todas tratadas endoscópicamente con éxito. Los factores predictivos de resección no exitosa fueron una medida >50 mm de la lesión resecada y la presencia de fibrosis; y el único factor predictivo de recurrencia fue una medida >50 mm del pólipo resecado. Conclusiones: La resección endoscópica de los PCNP-G es altamente eficaz y segura

Introduction: Patients with large non-pedunculated colorectal polyps (L-NPCP) have been traditionally treated with surgery. Advances in therapeutic endoscopy allow endoscopic resection of these lesions and can be considered as an alternative to surgery. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of endoscopic resection in patients with L-NPCP. Methods: A prospective multicentric cohort. All patients referred for endoscopic resection with L-NPCP between January 2012 and December 2015, followed until August 2016, were included. Rates of successful resection, recurrence and complications were obtained. Predictive factors associated with unsuccessful resection and recurrence were analyzed. Results: 115 L-NPCP in 107 patients were included. The rate of successful resection was 92%. The most common complications were bleeding (8.7%) and perforation (2.6%). The recurrence rate was 7%, all successfully treated with a new endoscopic session. Predictors of unsuccessful resection were a measure >50 mm of the lesion and the presence of fibrosis; and the only predictor of recurrence was a size of the polyp resected >50 mm. Conclusions: Endoscopic resection of L-NPCP is very efficacious and safe

Interobserver variability in histological diagnosis of serrated colorectal polyps / Variabilidade interobservador no diagnóstico histológico de pólipos colorretais serrilhados

Objectives: To compare the interobserver variability in the diagnostic of serrated and non- serrated adenomatous lesions and hyperplastic polyps of colon between two groups of pathologists. Methods: 310 colorectal polyps were studied, with histological diagnoses established by a group of pathologists comprising three general pathologists for initial diagnosis, and two gastrointestinal pathologists for expert diagnosis. Results: High interobserver variability was observed in the diagnosis of serrated polyps, when comparing the initial diagnosis with the expert diagnosis (kappa = 0.102). For the majority of both traditional serrated adenomas and sessile serrated adenomas (27/31), a diagnosis of hyperplastic polyps was established at the initial diagnosis. Conclusions: Poor agreement was observed in the diagnosis of serrated polyps between the two groups of pathologists. The accuracy in the diagnosis of these lesions is essential for the prevention of colorectal cancer. (AU)

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar a variabilidade interobservador dos diagnósticos das lesões adenomatosas serrilhadas e não serrilhadas e pólipos hiperplásicos do cólon entre dois comitê de patologistas. Métodos: Foram estudados 310 pólipos colorretais, diagnosticados histologicamente por um comitê de patologia, composto por três patologistas gerais para o diagnóstico inicial e por dois patologistas gastrointestinais para o diagnóstico dos especialistas. Resultados: Houve alta variabilidade interobservador no diagnóstico dos pólipos serrilhados, ao serem comparados o diagnóstico inicial com o diagnóstico dos especialistas (kappa = 0,102). A maioria das lesões adenomatosas serrilhadas sésseis e tradicionais (27/31) foi diagnosticada pelo diagnóstico inicial como pólipos hiperplásicos. Conclusões: Houve baixa concordância no diagnóstico dos pólipos serrilhados colorretais entre os dois comitês de patologistas. A acurácia desses diagnósticos é fundamental para a prevenção do carcinoma colorretal. (AU)

Mucosectomía endoscópica por coloproctólogos. Resultados iniciales / Endoscopic mucosal resection by coloproctologists. initial results

ANTECEDENTES: La detección y resección de lesiones colónicas plipoideas, sésiles y planas, previene el desarrollo de cáncer de colon. La mucosectomía endoscópica ha surgido en 1970 como un procedimiento alternativo para el tratamiento de éstas lesiones y, en la actualidad, es considerado el procedimiento de elección, pudiendo evitar procedimientos quirúrgicos mayores. OBJETIVO: Evaluar los resultados y complicaciones de la técnica de mucosectomía realizada por cirujanos coloproctólogos. Con revisión de indicaciones y limitaciones de la técnica. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Se realizó un análisis descriptivo, retrospectivo y observacional de pacientes tratados con técnica de mucosectomía endoscópica en el Servicio de Coloproctología del Hospital Británico de Bs. As., desde junio de 2010 a junio 2015. Se aplicó la técnica de “elevación y corte” en lesiones polipoideas mayores a 1 cm. Se realizó la resección en bloque para aquellas lesiones de hasta 3 cm y, para aquellas mayores a los 3 cm, se utilizó la resección por técnica de piecemeal. Se evaluaron complicaciones y resultados según la técnica empleada al igual que tasa de recidiva, realizando en todos los casos seguimiento con control endoscópico. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron un total de 41 casos (25 mujeres y 16 hombres) realizándose un procedimiento por paciente. La edad promedio fue de 65,8 años (38-83 años) y el tamaño promedio de las lesiones de 20,3 mm (10 – 50 mm). Se realizó resección en bloque en 19 pacientes (representando el46,3% de nuestra serie) y logrando resección endoscópica y anatomopatológica completa en todos ellos. En tanto se empleó técnica de piecemeal en los 22 pacientes restantes (53,6%). La tasa de complicaciones en nuestra serie fue del 7,3% (3/41). El seguimiento promedio fue de 14,4 meses (2 – 48 meses) y la tasa global de recidiva local fue de 9,75%...

BACKGROUND: Detection and resection of colonic lesions polypoid sessile and flat, prevents the development of colon cancer. Endoscopic mucosal resection has emerged in 1970 as an alternative method for the treatment of these lesions and, at present it is considered the procedure of choice, being able to avoid major surgical procedures. Objectives evaluation of the results and complications of the technique mucosectomy by colorectal surgeons. Review of indications and limitations of the technique. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Descriptive, retrospective and observational analysis of patients treated with endoscopic mucosal resection technique in the Coloproctology Service of the British Hospital of Buenos Aires, from June 2010 to June 2015. Technique of "lift and cut" was used in polypoid lesions greater than 1 cm. The bloc resection is used for those injuries up to 3 cm, and the piecemeal resection technique was used for those older than 3 cm. Complications and results were evaluated according to the technique as recurrence rate , performing tracking in all cases with endoscopic control. RESULTS: forty one cases (25 women and 16 men) performing a procedure per patient were analyzed. The average age was 65.8 years (38-83 years) and the average lesion size of 20.3 mm (10-50 mm). The average age was 65.8 years (38-83 years) and the average lesion size of 20.3 mm (10-50 mm). Resection was performed in 19 patients block (representing the 46.3 % of our series) and achieving endoscopic resection and pathologic complete in all. Piecemeal technique was used in the remaining 22 patients (53.6 %). The complication rate in our series was 7.3% (3/41). Mean follow-up was 14.4 months (2-48 months) and overall local recurrence rate was 9.75%...

Is prevalence of colorectal polyps higher in patients with family history of colorectal cancer? / A prevalência de pólipos colorretais é mais elevada em pacientes com história familiar de câncer colorretal?

ABSTRACT: Objectives:To assess the prevalence of polyps in patients with a family history of colorectal cancer, in comparison to asymptomatic individuals with indication for screening. Methods: A prospective study in a group of patients who underwent colonoscopy between 2012 and 2014. Patients were divided into two groups: Group I: no family history of colorectal cancer, and Group II: with a family history in first-degree relatives. Demographic characteristics, findings on colonoscopy, presence, location and histological type of polyps were evaluated, comparing the two groups.Results: 214 patients were evaluated: 162 in Group I and 52 in Group II. The distribution of patients with polyps was similar in relation to gender: polyps were evidenced in Group I in 33 (20%) female patients vs. 10 (6%) male patients (p= 1.00); in Group II, the presence of polyps was evidenced in 9 (17%) female patients vs. 2 (4%) male patients (p= 1.00). Polypoid lesions were found in 54 patients (25%), with 43 (26%) in Group I and 11 (21%) in Group II. The prevalence of adenomas was similar in both groups (Group I = 18/37% vs. Group II = 10/50%) (p= 0.83).Conclusion: In this preliminary study, no correlation was found between prevalence of polyps and a family history of colorectal cancer. (AU)

RESUMO: Objetivos: Avaliar a prevalência de pólipos em pacientes com história familiar de câncer colorretal comparando com indivíduos assintomáticos com indicação para rastreamento. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo realizado em um grupo de indivíduos submetidos à colonoscopia entre 2012 e 2014. Os pacientes foram distribuídos em dois grupos: Grupo I: sem história familiar de câncer colorretal e Grupo II: com história familiar em parentes de primeiro grau. Avaliaram-se características demográficas, achados na colonoscopia, presença, localização e tipo histológico dos pólipos, comparando os dois grupos. Resultados: Foram avaliados 214 pacientes, 162 incluídas no grupo I e 52 no grupo II. A distribuição dos pacientes com pólipos foi similar em relação ao sexo, sendo evidenciado pólipos no Grupo I em 33 (20%) pacientes do sexo feminino vs. 10 (6%) masculino (p = 1,00) e no Grupo II, presença de pólipos em pacientes do sexo feminino em 9 (17%) vs. 2 (4%) masculino (p = 1,00). Foram encontradas lesões polipóides em 54 pacientes (25%), sendo 43 (26%) no grupo I e 11 (21%) no grupo II. A prevalência de adenomas foi similar em ambos os grupos (Grupo I = 18/37% vs. Grupo II = 10/50%) (p = 0,83).Conclusão: Neste estudo inicial, não foi encontrada correlação entre a prevalência de pólipos e o histórico familiar de câncer colorretal. (AU)

Randomized Controlled Trial of Sodium Phosphate Tablets versus 2 L Polyethylene Glycol Solution for Bowel Cleansing prior to Colonoscopy / 대한소화기학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Performance of polyethylene glycol solution (PEG) is often unsatisfactory as bowel preparation agent for colonoscopy. In order to provide equivalent efficacy with better patient tolerance, sodium phosphate tablet (SPT) has been developed. This study was carried out to compare the efficacy and compliance of two bowel preparation methods: PEG with ascorbic acid (PEGA) vs. SPT preparation. METHODS: A multicenter, randomized controlled trial was performed. Primary efficacy variable was overall quality of colon cleansing assessed by Boston bowel preparation scale (BBPS) during colonoscopy. Patient's satisfaction and adverse events were evaluated by means of symptom questionnaire completed by each patient immediately before colonoscopy. RESULTS: A total of 189 patients were randomly assigned to undergo pre-colonoscopic bowel preparation with either SPT (n=96) or PEGA (n=93). Overall BBPS score was 8.3+/-1.12 in the SPT group and 8.4+/-0.96 in the PEGA group (p=0.441). Among the 189 patients, 90 had polyps (47.6%) and 50 had adenomas (26.5%). The polyp/adenoma detection rate was 54.2% (n=52)/27.1% (n=26) for SPT group and 40.9% (n=38)/25.8% (n=24) for PEGA group (p=0.079 and 0.790, respectively). More number of patients were unable to take the prescribed dose of PEGA compared with the SPT regimen (8.6% vs. 2.0%, p=0.045). Overall satisfaction score was 7.9+/-1.63 in the SPT group and 7.4+/-1.53 in the PEGA group (p=0.022). CONCLUSIONS: Degree of colon preparation, polyp/adenoma detection rate and adverse effect were similar between SPT group and PEGA group. Patient compliance and satisfaction were greater in the SPT group.

Risk Factors for Recurrent High-Risk Polyps after the Removal of High-Risk Polyps at Initial Colonoscopy

PURPOSE: Colonoscopic polypectomy and surveillance are important to prevent colorectal cancer and identify additional relative risk factors for adequate surveillance. In this study, we evaluated risk factors related to recurrent high-risk polyps during the surveillance of patients with high-risk polyps. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We included 434 patients who had high-risk polyps (adenoma > or =10 mm, > or =3 adenomas, villous histology, or high-grade dysplasia) on the baseline colonoscopy and underwent at least one surveillance colonoscopy from 2005 to 2011 at Severance Hospital. Data regarding patient characteristics, bowel preparation and polyp size, location, number, and pathological diagnosis were retrospectively collected from medical records. Patients with recurrent high-risk polyps were compared with patients with low-risk or no polyps during surveillance. RESULTS: Patients were predominantly male (77.4%), with a mean age of 61.0+/-8.6 years and mean follow-up of 1.5+/-0.8 years. High-risk polyps recurred during surveillance colonoscopy in 51 (11.8%) patients. Results of multivariate analysis showed that male gender, poor bowel preparation, and a larger number of adenomas were independent risk factors for recurrent high-risk polyps (p=0.047, 0.01, and <0.001, respectively). Compared with high-risk polyps found during initial colonoscopy, high-risk polyps on surveillance colonoscopy had higher proportions of small adenomas, low-risk pathology, and fewer adenomas overall, but there was no difference in location. CONCLUSION: Male patients and those with poor bowel preparation for colonoscopy or higher numbers of adenomas were more likely to experience recurrent high-risk polyps.

Risk Factors for Incomplete Polyp Resection during Colonoscopic Polypectomy

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Colonoscopic polypectomy is highly efficient in preventing colorectal cancer, but polyps may not always be completely removed. Improved knowledge of the risk factors for incomplete polyp resection after polypectomy may decrease the cancer risk and additional costs. The aim of this study was to investigate the conditions that can cause incomplete polyp resection (IPR) after colonoscopic polypectomy. METHODS: A total of 12,970 polyps that were removed by colonoscopic polypectomy were investigated. Among them, we identified 228 cases with a positive resection margin and 228 controls with a clear resection margin that were matched for age, gender, and polyp size. We investigated the location, morphology, and histological type of the polyps and evaluated the skills of the endoscopist and assisting nurse. RESULTS: Multivariate analysis revealed that the polyps, which were located in the proximal part of the colon and rectum, were at significant risk of IPR. Histologically, an advanced polyp and an inexperienced assistant were also independent risk factors for IPR. CONCLUSIONS: Polypectomy should be performed more carefully for polyps suspected to be cancerous and polyps located in the proximal part of the colon or rectum. A systematic training program for inexperienced assistants may be needed to decrease the risk of IPR.

Using computed tomography colonography in patients at high risk of colorectal cancer - a prospective study in a university hospital in South America

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of our study was to report the results of the implementation of computed tomography colonography in a university hospital setting serving a Brazilian population at high risk of colorectal cancer. METHODS: After creating a computed tomography colonography service in our institution, 85 patients at high risk of colorectal cancer underwent computed tomography colonography followed by a same-day optical colonoscopy from September 2010 to May 2012. The overall accuracy of computed tomography colonography in the detection of lesions ≥6 mm was compared to that of optical colonoscopy (direct comparison). All colonic segments were evaluated using quality imaging (amount of liquid and solid residual feces and luminal distension). To assess patient acceptance and preference, a questionnaire was completed before and after the computed tomography colonography and optical colonoscopy. Fisher's exact test was used to measure the correlations between colonic distension, discomfort during the exam, exam preference and interpretation confidence. RESULTS: Thirteen carcinomas and twenty-two lesions ≥6 mm were characterized. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of computed tomography colonography were 100%, 98.2% and 98.6%, respectively. Computed tomography colonography was the preferred method of investigation for 85% of patients. The preparation was reported to cause only mild discomfort for 97.6% of patients. According to the questionnaires, there was no significant relationship between colonic distension and discomfort (p>0.05). Most patients (89%) achieved excellent bowel preparation. There was a statistically significant correlation between the confidence perceived in reading the computed tomography colonography and the quality of the preparation in each colonic segment (p≤0.001). The average effective radiation dose per exam was 7.8 mSv. CONCLUSION: It was possible to institute an efficient computed ...

Influence of patient age and colorectal polyp size on histopathology findings / Influência da idade do paciente e do tamanho dos pólipos colorretais nos achados histopatológicos

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality and can arise through the adenoma-carcinoma sequence. Colonoscopy is considered the method of choice for population-wide cancer screening. AIM: To assess the characteristics of endoscopically resected polyps in a consecutive series of patients who underwent colonoscopy at a university hospital and compare histopathology findings according to patient age and polyp size. METHODS: Retrospective, cross-sectional of 1950 colonoscopy reports from consecutively examined patients. The sample was restricted to reports that mentioned colorectal polyps. A chart review was carried out for collection of demographic data and histopathology results. Data were compared for polyps sized ≤0.5 cm and ≥0.6 cm and then for polyps sized ≤1.0 cm and ≥1.1 cm. Finally, all polyps resected from patients aged 49 years or younger were compared with those resected from patients aged 50 years or older. RESULTS: A total of 272 colorectal polyps were resected in 224 of the 1950 colonoscopies included in the sample (11.5%). Polyps >1 cm tended to be pedunculated (p=0.000) and were more likely to exhibit an adenomatous component (p=0.001), a villous component (p=0.000), and dysplasia (p=0.003). These findings held true when the size cutoff was set at 0.5 cm. Patients aged 50 years or older were more likely to have sessile polyps (p=0.023) and polyps located in the proximal colon (p=0.009). There were no significant differences between groups in histopathology or presence of dysplasia. CONCLUSION: Polyp size is associated with presence of adenomas, a villous component, and dysplasia, whereas patient age is more frequently associated with sessile polyps in the proximal colon. .

RACIONAL: O câncer colorretal é causa importante de morbimortalidade e pode desenvolver-se pela sequência adenoma-carcinoma. A videocolonoscopia é considerada método de escolha para rastreamento populacional para esta neoplasia. OBJETIVO: Avaliar as características de pólipos endoscopicamente ressecados em uma série consecutiva de pacientes submetidos à videocolonoscopia em um hospital universitário e comparar os achados histopatológicos de acordo com a idade do paciente e o tamanho dos pólipos. MÉTODO: Estudo retrospectivo transversal baseado na análise dos laudos de 1950 videocolonoscopias realizadas consecutivamente. Foram selecionados aqueles em que foram evidenciados pólipos no cólon ou reto. Procedeu-se a revisão dos prontuários para coleta de dados demográficos e da avaliação histopatológica dos espécimes. Foram comparados os achados relativos aos pólipos de até 0,5 cm com os acima de 0,6 cm. Posteriormente, foram comparados pólipos de até 1 cm com os acima de 1,1 cm. Em um terceiro momento foram realizadas comparações dos achados dos pólipos ressecados de pacientes com idade até 49 anos com aqueles retirados de pacientes acima de 50 anos. RESULTADOS: Foram ressecados pólipos colorretais em 224 dos 1950 exames avaliados (11,5%), com retirada total de 272 pólipos. Pólipos maiores de 1 cm tenderam a ser pediculados (p=0,000) e tiveram maior chance de apresentarem componente adenomatoso (p=0,001), componente viloso (p=0,000) e displasia (p=0,003). Os mesmos achados foram observados com ponto de corte de 0,5 cm. Pacientes com 50 anos ou mais apresentaram mais frequentemente pólipos sésseis (p=0,023) e localizados no cólon proximal (p=0,009). Não houve diferença significante entre os grupos em relação à histopatologia ...

The Correlation between Polyp Detection Rate and Adenoma Detection Rate: Mainly Determined by the Colon Segment / 대한소화기학회지

No abstract available.

Usefulness of Polyp and Adenoma Detection Rate in the Proximal and Distal Colon / 대한소화기학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The polyp detection rate (PDR) has been suggested as a surrogate for adenoma detection rate (ADR). The purpose of this study was to determine the level of agreement between PDR and ADR in the proximal and distal colon. METHODS: A total of 1,937 consecutive, asymptomatic individuals aged 40 years and older who underwent colonoscopies at six academic teaching hospitals in Korea were included in this study. PDR and ADR were calculated for each colonic segment. PDR was compared with ADR in the proximal and distal colon. RESULTS: During 1,937 colonoscopies, 1,862 polyps were removed; 1,421 (76%) were adenomas. The PDR and ADR in the proximal colon was 25.8% and 22.8%, respectively (kappa value=0.917, p=0.26), and that in the distal colon was 28.9% and 22.2%, respectively (p<0.001). There was a strong correlation between PDR and ADR in the proximal colon, but diverged in sigmoid colon and rectum. CONCLUSIONS: PDR and ADR correlate well in the proximal colon, but not in the distal colon, especially sigmoid and rectum. PDR should be measured for each colonic segment when using PDR as a surrogate for ADR. PDR is a valid proxy for ADR in the proximal colon.

Differential Diagnosis of Colorectal Polyps with Narrow Band Imaging Colonoscopy without Magnification / 대한소화기학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Narrow band imaging (NBI) endoscopy can be used for gross differentiation between the types of colonic polyps. This study was conducted as a retrospective study for estimation of the interobserver and intra-observer agreement of the pit pattern of the mucosal surface and the accuracy of histology prediction. METHODS: A total of 159 patients underwent complete colonoscopy and 219 polyps examined by NBI endoscopy without magnification were assessed. Interobserver and intra-observer agreement were calculated by investigators in each group for determination of the surface pattern and prediction of histology based on the modified Kudo's classification using intraclass correlation coefficient. RESULTS: Interobserver agreement for the surface pit pattern and prediction of polyp type was 0.84 and 0.73 in experienced endoscopists, and 0.86 and 0.62 in trainees, respectively. Intra-observer agreement for the surface pit patterns and prediction of polyp type was 0.81, 0.83, 0.85, 0.83, 0.56, 0.84, 0.51, 0.83, and 0.71; and 0.71, 0.70, 0.82, 0.54, 0.72, 0.37, 0.51, 0.34, and 0.30, respectively. The diagnostic accuracy for prediction of polyp type was 69.4% for experienced endoscopists and 72.9% for trainees. CONCLUSIONS: NBI endoscopy without magnification showed fairly good inter and intra-observer agreement for the pit pattern of the mucosal surface and the accuracy of histology prediction; however, it had some limitation for differentiation of colon polyp histologic type. Training and experience with NBI is needed for improvement of accuracy.